Linguistic elements , such as phonological features , syntactic units , and language groups are related to each other in complex ways . these relationships can be represented by matrices , networks , trees , and other graphic devices 語音特徵、句法單位、語言分支等語言元素之間的關(guān)系異常復雜,可用矩陣、網(wǎng)絡、樹和其他圖像方式表示。